![]() Despite their professed support for international security under the leadership of the United Nations, they expanded their military budgets and engaged in new military invasions and wars. Unfortunately, the governments of the great powers were slow to learn this lesson. As Albert Einstein remarked: “General annihilation beckons.” With the advent of nuclear weapons, however, the traditional pattern of great power conflict – regarding other nations as enemies, confronting them militarily, and waging devastating wars against them – had acquired a ghostly quality. Not surprisingly, the most powerful, most heavily armed countries, which had the best chances of emerging victorious in a military conflict, were usually the most eager for it. Although the wars had a variety of causes and were sometimes promoted with lofty ideals and slogans, they were often occasioned by disputes over territory and resources. ![]() Wars have had a long run among rival territories and, later, nations, with fierce conflicts between Athens and Sparta, Rome and Carthage, Spain and Britain, and the combatants of World Wars I and II among the best-known.
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